How lifestyle and environment reshape the sperm epigenome and why it matters for fertility, embryos and child health
Epigenetic signatures in sperm. Sperm chromatin is tightly packaged by binding to protamines and histones (< 15% of the genome). DNA methylation occurs at CG-rich, histone-bound DNA regions and repetitive sequences. Environmental factors may influence DNA methylation, histone modification, as well as the expression of small non-coding RNA, such as tsRNA, microRNA, and PIWI-interacting RNA. The…