Sung, H. et al. Global Cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. Cancer J. Clin. 71, 209–249 (2021).
NCD Countdown. : worldwide trends in non-communicable disease mortality and progress towards Sustainable Development Goal target 3.4. Lancet.392, 1072-88. (2018).
Trends in adult. Body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19·2 million participants. Lancet. 387, 1377–1396 (2016).
Malik, V. S., Willett, W. C. & Hu, F. B. Global obesity: trends, risk factors and policy implications. Nat. Reviews Endocrinol. 9, 13–27 (2013).
Malik, V. S., Willet, W. C. & Hu, F. B. Nearly a decade on – trends, risk factors and policy implications in global obesity. Nat. Reviews Endocrinol. 16, 615–616 (2020).
Flegal, K. M., Kit, B. K., Orpana, H. & Graubard, B. I. Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 309, 71–82 (2013).
Reeves, G. K. et al. Cancer incidence and mortality in relation to body mass index in the million women study: cohort study. BMJ (Clin. Res. Ed.). 335, 1134 (2007).
Renehan, A. G., Tyson, M., Egger, M., Heller, R. F. & Zwahlen, M. Body-mass index and incidence of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Lancet. 371, 569–578 (2008).
Berrington de Gonzalez, A. et al. Body-mass index and mortality among 1.46 million white adults. N. Engl. J. Med. 363, 2211–2219 (2010).
Zheng, W. et al. Association between body-mass index and risk of death in more than 1 million asians. N. Engl. J. Med. 364, 719–729 (2011).
Lauby-Secretan, B. et al. Body fatness and Cancer–viewpoint of the IARC Working Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 375, 794–798 (2016).
Bhaskaran, K., Dos-Santos-Silva, I., Leon, D. A., Douglas, I. J. & Smeeth, L. Association of BMI with overall and cause-specific mortality: a population-based cohort study of 3·6 million adults in the UK. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 6, 944–953 (2018).
Global, B. M. I. M. C. et al. Body-mass index and all-cause mortality: individual-participant-data meta-analysis of 239 prospective studies in four continents. Lancet. 388, 776–786 (2016).
Wiebe, N., Stenvinkel, P. & Tonelli, M. Associations of chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, and severe obesity with mortality, myocardial infarction, Cancer, and Chronic Pulmonary Disease. JAMA Netw. Open. 2, e1910456 (2019).
Nøst, T. H. et al. Systemic inflammation markers and cancer incidence in the UK Biobank. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 36, 841–848 (2021).
Fucà, G. et al. The Pan-immune-inflammation Value is a new prognostic biomarker in metastatic colorectal cancer: results from a pooled-analysis of the Valentino and TRIBE first-line trials. Br. J. Cancer. 123, 403–409 (2020).
Murat, B., Murat, S., Ozgeyik, M. & Bilgin, M. Comparison of pan-immune-inflammation value with other inflammation markers of long-term survival after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 53, e13872 (2023).
Kong, F. et al. System inflammation response index: a novel inflammatory indicator to predict all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in the obese population. Diabetol. Metab. Syndr. 15, 195 (2023).
Veronese, N. et al. Combined associations of body weight and lifestyle factors with all cause and cause specific mortality in men and women: prospective cohort study. BMJ (Clin. Res. Ed.). 355, i5855 (2016).
Inoue-Choi, M., Ramirez, Y., Fukunaga, A., Matthews, C. E. & Freedman, N. D. Association of Adherence to healthy lifestyle recommendations with all-cause and cause-Specific Mortality among former smokers. JAMA Netw. Open. 5, e2232778 (2022).
Zhang, Y. B. et al. Associations of healthy lifestyle and socioeconomic status with mortality and incident cardiovascular disease: two prospective cohort studies. BMJ (Clin. Res. Ed.). 373, n604 (2021).
Zhu, M. et al. Genetic risk for overall Cancer and the benefit of adherence to a healthy lifestyle. Cancer Res. 81, 4618–4627 (2021).
Lee, H. W. et al. Frequent low dose alcohol intake increases gastric cancer risk: the Health examinees-gem (HEXA-G) study. Cancer Biol. Med. 19, 1224–1234 (2022).
Chen, X. et al. The power of a healthy lifestyle for cancer prevention: the example of colorectal cancer. Cancer Biol. Med. 19, 1586–1597 (2022).
Sudlow, C. et al. UK biobank: an open access resource for identifying the causes of a wide range of complex diseases of middle and old age. PLoS Med. 12, e1001779 (2015).
Conroy, M. C. et al. UK Biobank: a globally important resource for cancer research. Br. J. Cancer. 128, 519–527 (2023).
Collins, R. What makes UK Biobank special? Lancet. 379, 1173–1174 (2012).
Perez-Cornago, A. et al. Examination of potential novel biochemical factors in relation to prostate cancer incidence and mortality in UK Biobank. Br. J. Cancer. 123, 1808–1817 (2020).
Guo, W., Key, T. J. & Reeves, G. K. Adiposity and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women: results from the UK Biobank prospective cohort. Int. J. Cancer. 143, 1037–1046 (2018).
Lourida, I. et al. Association of Lifestyle and genetic risk with incidence of Dementia. JAMA 322, 430–437 (2019).
Rutten-Jacobs, L. C. et al. Genetic risk, incident stroke, and the benefits of adhering to a healthy lifestyle: cohort study of 306 473 UK Biobank participants. BMJ (Clin. Res. Ed). 363, k4168 (2018).
Watts, E. L. et al. Hematologic markers and prostate Cancer risk: a prospective analysis in UK Biobank. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention: a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research. Am. Soc. Prev.Oncol. 29:1615–1626. (2020).
Weir, C. B. & Jan, A. BMI Classification Percentile And Cut Off Points. StatPearls (2023).
Ward, Z. J. et al. Projected U.S. State-Level prevalence of adult obesity and severe obesity. N. Engl. J. Med. 381, 2440–2450 (2019).
Lai, W. et al. Elevated systemic immune inflammation level increases the risk of total and cause-specific mortality among patients with chronic kidney disease: a large multi-center longitudinal study. Inflamm. Res. 72, 149–158 (2023).
Wu, B. et al. The relationship between the pan-immune-inflammation value and long-term prognoses in patients with hypertension: National Health and Nutrition Examination Study, 1999–2018. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 10, 1099427 (2023).
Roitberg, G. E., Dorosh Zh, V. & Sharkhun, O. O. A new method for screening diagnosis of insulin resistance. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 158, 397–400 (2015).
Zhao, E., Cheng, Y., Yu, C., Li, H. & Fan, X. The systemic immune-inflammation index was non-linear associated with all-cause mortality in individuals with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Ann. Med. 55, 2197652 (2023).
Xia, Y. et al. Systemic Immune inflammation index (SII), system inflammation response index (SIRI) and risk of all-cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Mortality: a 20-Year Follow-Up Cohort Study of 42,875 US adults. J. Clin. Med. ;12. (2023).
Chudasama, Y. V. et al. Healthy lifestyle and life expectancy in people with multimorbidity in the UK Biobank: a longitudinal cohort study. PLoS Med. 17, e1003332 (2020).
Shams-White, M. M. et al. Operationalizing the 2018 World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) Cancer Prevention recommendations: a standardized scoring system. Nutrients ;11. (2019).
Everhart, J. & Wright, D. Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for pancreatic cancer. A meta-analysis. JAMA 273, 1605–1609 (1995).
Larsson, S. C., Orsini, N. & Wolk, A. Diabetes mellitus and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 97, 1679–1687 (2005).
Larsson, S. C., Mantzoros, C. S. & Wolk, A. Diabetes mellitus and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Int. J. Cancer. 121, 856–862 (2007).
Wang, C. et al. Increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Int. J. Cancer. 130, 1639–1648 (2012).
Pan, K. et al. Insulin resistance and Cancer-specific and all-cause mortality in Postmenopausal women: the women’s Health Initiative. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 112, 170–178 (2020).
Vulichi, S. R. et al. Type-2 diabetes mellitus-associated cancer risk: in pursuit of understanding the possible link. Diabetes Metab. Syndr.. 16, 102591 (2022).
Yin, D. T. et al. The association between thyroid cancer and insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and its components: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Surg. 57, 66–75 (2018).
Iyengar, N. M., Gucalp, A., Dannenberg, A. J. & Hudis, C. A. Obesity and Cancer mechanisms: Tumor Microenvironment and inflammation. J. Clin. Oncol. Off. J. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 34, 4270–4276 (2016).
Gregor, M. F. & Hotamisligil, G. S. Inflammatory mechanisms in obesity. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 29, 415–445 (2011).
Ying, W., Fu, W., Lee, Y. S. & Olefsky, J. M. The role of macrophages in obesity-associated islet inflammation and β-cell abnormalities. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 16, 81–90 (2020).
Arnold, M. et al. Global burden of cancer attributable to high body-mass index in 2012: a population-based study. Lancet Oncol. 16, 36–46 (2015).
Pearson-Stuttard, J. et al. Worldwide burden of cancer attributable to diabetes and high body-mass index: a comparative risk assessment. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 6, e6–e15 (2018).
Sanchez, B. N., Volek, J. S., Kraemer, W. J., Saenz, C. & Maresh, C. M. Sex differences in Energy Metabolism: a female-oriented discussion. Sports Med. 54:2033–2057. (2024).
Jang, S., Han, H., Oh, Y. & Kim, Y. Sex differences in inflammation correlated with estrogen and estrogen receptor-β levels in azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis-associated colorectal cancer mice. Heliyon 10, e28121 (2024).
Tramunt, B. et al. Sex differences in metabolic regulation and diabetes susceptibility. Diabetologia 63, 453–461 (2020).
Pierce, J. P. et al. Influence of a diet very high in vegetables, fruit, and fiber and low in fat on prognosis following treatment for breast cancer: the women’s healthy eating and living (WHEL) randomized trial. JAMA 298, 289–298 (2007).
Steck, S. E. & Murphy, E. A. Dietary patterns and cancer risk. Nat. Rev. Cancer. 20, 125–138 (2020).
Kerr, J., Anderson, C. & Lippman, S. M. Physical activity, sedentary behaviour, diet, and cancer: an update and emerging new evidence. Lancet Oncol. 18, e457–e71 (2017).
Papadimitriou, N. et al. An umbrella review of the evidence associating diet and cancer risk at 11 anatomical sites. Nat. Commun. 12, 4579 (2021).
Kim, J. et al. Plant-based dietary patterns and the risk of digestive system cancers in 3 large prospective cohort studies. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 38, 617–627 (2023).
McDade, T. W., Meyer, J. M., Koning, S. M. & Harris, K. M. Body mass and the epidemic of chronic inflammation in early mid-adulthood. Soc. Sci. Med. 281, 114059. (1982).
Shaw, G. A. et al. Traumatic stress history interacts with sex and chronic peripheral inflammation to alter mitochondrial function of synaptosomes. Brain. Behav. Immun. 88, 203–219 (2020).
Tahapary, D. L. et al. Challenges in the diagnosis of insulin resistance: focusing on the role of HOMA-IR and Tryglyceride/glucose index. Diabetes Metab. Syndr.. 16, 102581 (2022).
Wiebe, N., Muntner, P. & Tonelli, M. Associations of body mass index, fasting insulin, and inflammation with mortality: a prospective cohort study. Int. J. Obes. 46, 2107–2113 (2022).