GBD 2017 Diet Collaborators. Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017. Lancet. 2019;393(10184):1958–72.
GBD 2021 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021. Lancet. 2024;403(10440):2162–203.
Mokdad AH, Forouzanfar MH, Daoud F, Mokdad AA, El Bcheraoui C, Moradi-Lakeh M, et al. Global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors for young People’s health during 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2013. Lancet. 2016;387(10036):2383–401.
Delisle Nyström C, Carlander A, Cassel S, Rosell M, M JSH, Löf M. Physical activity and screen time in Swedish children and adolescents: the generation Pep study 2018–2021. Acta Paediatr. 2023;112(3):460–8.
Rosell M, Carlander A, Cassel S, Henriksson P, M JSH, Löf M. Generation Pep study: A population-based survey on diet and physical activity in 12,000 Swedish children and adolescents. Acta Paediatr. 2021;110(9):2597–606.
Folkhälsomyndigheten. Skolbarns hälsovanor i Sverige 2021/2022 – Nationella resultat. 2023. Contract No.: 22228.
Sfendla A, Bador K, Paganelli M, Kerekes N. Swedish High School Students’ Drug and Alcohol Use Habits throughout 2020. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(24).
Englund A. Skolelevers Drogvanor 2019 CAN Rapport 187. 2019.
He Z, Wu H, Yu F, Fu J, Sun S, Huang T, et al. Effects of Smartphone-Based interventions on physical activity in children and adolescents: systematic review and Meta-analysis. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2021;9(2):e22601.
Mönninghoff A, Kramer JN, Hess AJ, Ismailova K, Teepe GW, Tudor Car L, et al. Long-term effectiveness of mHealth physical activity interventions: systematic review and Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Med Internet Res. 2021;23(4):e26699.
Schaafsma HN, Jantzi HA, Seabrook JA, McEachern LW, Burke SM, Irwin JD, et al. The impact of smartphone app-based interventions on adolescents’ dietary intake: a systematic review and evaluation of equity factor reporting in intervention studies. Nutr Rev. 2024;82(4):467–86.
Paramastri R, Pratama SA, Ho DKN, Purnamasari SD, Mohammed AZ, Galvin CJ, et al. Use of mobile applications to improve nutrition behaviour: A systematic review. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 2020;192:105459.
Kazemi DM, Li S, Levine MJ, Auten B, Granson M. Systematic review of smartphone apps as a mHealth intervention to address substance abuse in adolescents and adults. J Addict Nurs. 2021;32(3):180–7.
Zhou X, Wei X, Cheng A, Liu Z, Su Z, Li J, et al. Mobile Phone-Based interventions for smoking cessation among young people: systematic review and Meta-Analysis. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2023;11:e48253.
Bendtsen M, Bendtsen P, Müssener U. Six-Month outcomes from the nexit junior trial of a text messaging smoking cessation intervention for high school students: randomized controlled trial with bayesian analysis. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2021;9(10):e29913.
Uddin R, Lee EY, Khan SR, Tremblay MS, Khan A. Clustering of lifestyle risk factors for non-communicable diseases in 304,779 adolescents from 89 countries: A global perspective. Prev Med. 2020;131:105955.
Champion KE, Parmenter B, McGowan C, Spring B, Wafford QE, Gardner LA, et al. Effectiveness of school-based eHealth interventions to prevent multiple lifestyle risk behaviours among adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Digit Health. 2019;1(5):e206–21.
Seiterö A, Henriksson P, Thomas K, Henriksson H, Löf M, Bendtsen M. Müssener, U. Effects on the big four of an mHealth intervention (LIFE4YOUth) targeting adolescents: randomized controlled trial. Manuscr Under Rev. 2024.
Bandura A. Human agency in social cognitive theory. Am Psychol. 1989;44(9):1175–84.
Godin G, Kok GJA. The theory of planned behavior: a review of its applications to health-related behaviors. 1996;11(2):87–98.
Conner M, Norman PJP. Predicting health behaviour: a social cognition approach. 2005;2:1–27.
Bandura A, Freeman WH, Lightsey R. Self-efficacy: the exercise of control. springer; 1999.
Fishbein M, Hennessy M, Kamb M, Bolan GA, Hoxworth T, Iatesta M, et al. Using intervention theory to model factors influencing behavior change: project respect. Eval Health Prof. 2001;24(4):363–84.
Ajzen I. The theory of planned behavior. J Organizational Behav Hum Decis Processes. 1991;50(2):179–211.
Maddux JE, Rogers RW. Protection motivation and self-efficacy: A revised theory of fear appeals and attitude change. J Exp Soc Psychol. 1983;19(5):469–79.
Gaume J, McCambridge J, Bertholet N, Daeppen JB. Mechanisms of action of brief alcohol interventions remain largely unknown – a narrative review. Front Psychiatry. 2014;5:108.
Bendtsen M, Åsberg K, McCambridge J. Mediators of effects of a digital alcohol intervention for online help-seekers: findings from an effectiveness trial. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2023;251:110957.
Crawford J, Blomqvist J, Gunnarsson KU, Bendtsen P, Bendtsen M. Mediated effects of a randomised control trial for a text messaging smoking cessation intervention for online help-seekers and primary care visitors. BMC Public Health. 2024;24(1):1824.
O’Dean SM, Sunderland M, Smout S, Slade T, Chapman C, Gardner LA, et al. Potential mediators of a School-Based digital intervention targeting six lifestyle risk behaviours in a cluster randomised controlled trial of Australian adolescents. Prev Sci. 2024;25(2):347–57.
Bendtsen M, Bendtsen P, Henriksson H, Henriksson P, Müssener U, Thomas K, et al. The mobile health multiple lifestyle behavior interventions across the lifespan (MoBILE) research program: protocol for development, evaluation, and implementation. JMIR Res Protoc. 2020;9(4):e14894.
Bendtsen M, Seiterö A, Bendtsen P, Henriksson H, Henriksson P, Thomas K, et al. mHealth intervention for multiple lifestyle behaviour change among high school students in Sweden (LIFE4YOUth): protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):1406.
Chan AW, Tetzlaff JM, Altman DG, Laupacis A, Gøtzsche PC, Krleža-Jerić K, et al. SPIRIT 2013 statement: defining standard protocol items for clinical trials. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158(3):200–7.
Lee H, Cashin AG, Lamb SE, Hopewell S, Vansteelandt S, VanderWeele TJ, et al. A guideline for reporting mediation analyses of randomized trials and observational studies: the AGReMA statement. JAMA. 2021;326(11):1045–56.
Bandura A. Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychol Rev. 1977;84(2):191–215.
Harris TR, Walters ST, Leahy MM. Readiness to change among a group of heavy-drinking college students: correlates of readiness and a comparison of measures. J Am Coll Health. 2008;57(3):325–30.
Socialstyrelsen. Nationella riktlinjer för prevention och behandling vid ohälsosamma levnadsvanor – Stöd för styrning och ledning 2018 [Available from: https://www.socialstyrelsen.se/globalassets/sharepoint-dokument/artikelkatalog/nationella-riktlinjer/2018-6-24.pdf
Shorter GW, Heather N, Bray JW, Giles EL, Holloway A, Barbosa C, et al. The ‘outcome reporting in brief intervention trials: alcohol’ (ORBITAL) framework: protocol to determine a core outcome set for efficacy and effectiveness trials of alcohol screening and brief intervention. Trials. 2017;18(1):611.
Shorter GW, Bray JW, Giles EL, O’Donnell AJ, Berman AH, Holloway A, et al. The variability of outcomes used in efficacy and effectiveness trials of alcohol brief interventions: A systematic review. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2019;80(3):286–98.
SRNT Subcommittee on Biochemical verification. Biochemical verification of tobacco use and cessation. Nicotine Tob Res. 2002;4(2):149–59.
Pearl J. The causal mediation formula–a guide to the assessment of pathways and mechanisms. Prev Sci. 2012;13(4):426–36.
Bendtsen M. A gentle introduction to the comparison between null hypothesis testing and bayesian analysis: reanalysis of two randomized controlled trials. J Med Internet Res. 2018;20(10):e10873.
Piironen J, Vehtari A. Comparison of bayesian predictive methods for model selection. Stat Comput. 2017;27(3):711–35.
Larsen B, Dunsiger SI, Pekmezi D, Linke S, Hartman SJ, Marcus BH. Psychosocial mediators of physical activity change in a web-based intervention for Latinas. Health Psychol. 2021;40(1):21–9.
Teixeira PJ, Carraça EV, Marques MM, Rutter H, Oppert JM, De Bourdeaudhuij I, et al. Successful behavior change in obesity interventions in adults: a systematic review of self-regulation mediators. BMC Med. 2015;13:84.
Lubans DR, Foster C, Biddle SJ. A review of mediators of behavior in interventions to promote physical activity among children and adolescents. Prev Med. 2008;47(5):463–70.
van Stralen MM, Yildirim M, te Velde SJ, Brug J, van Mechelen W, Chinapaw MJ. What works in school-based energy balance behaviour interventions and what does not? A systematic review of mediating mechanisms. Int J Obes (Lond). 2011;35(10):1251–65.
Smith JJ, Morgan PJ, Plotnikoff RC, Stodden DF, Lubans DR. Mediating effects of resistance training skill competency on health-related fitness and physical activity: the ATLAS cluster randomised controlled trial. J Sports Sci. 2016;34(8):772–9.
Pesce C, Marchetti R, Forte R, Crova C, Scatigna M, Goudas M et al. Youth life skills training: exploring outcomes and mediating mechanisms of a Group-Randomized trial in physical education. Sport, exercise, and performance psychology. 2016;5(3):232–46.
Lu Y, Yu K, Gan X. Effects of a SMART goal setting and 12-Week core strength training intervention on physical fitness and exercise attitudes in adolescents: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(13).
Lonsdale C, Rosenkranz RR, Peralta LR, Bennie A, Fahey P, Lubans DR. A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions designed to increase moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in school physical education lessons. Prev Med. 2013;56(2):152–61.
McDonald SM, Trost SGJJTPE. The effects of a goal setting intervention on aerobic fitness in middle school students. 2015;34(4):576–87.
Latham GP. Goal-setting theory: causal relationships, mediators, and moderators. Oxford research encyclopedia of psychology; 2016.
Koring M, Richert J, Parschau L, Ernsting A, Lippke S, Schwarzer R. A combined planning and self-efficacy intervention to promote physical activity: a multiple mediation analysis. Psychol Health Med. 2012;17(4):488–98.
Nurmi J, Hagger MS, Haukkala A, Araújo-Soares V, Hankonen N. Relations between autonomous motivation and Leisure-Time physical activity participation: the mediating role of Self-Regulation techniques. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2016;38(2):128–37.
Partridge SR, McGeechan K, Bauman A, Phongsavan P, Allman-Farinelli M. Improved confidence in performing nutrition and physical activity behaviours mediates behavioural change in young adults: mediation results of a randomised controlled mHealth intervention. Appetite. 2017;108:425–33.
Liang W, Duan Y, Wang Y, Lippke S, Shang B, Lin Z, et al. Psychosocial mediators of Web-Based interventions for promoting a healthy lifestyle among Chinese college students: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. JMIR J Med Internet research/Journal Med Internet Res. 2022;24(9):e37563–e.
Kreausukon P, Gellert P, Lippke S, Schwarzer R. Planning and self-efficacy can increase fruit and vegetable consumption: a randomized controlled trial. J Behav Med. 2012;35(4):443–51.
Cerin E, Barnett A, Baranowski T. Testing theories of dietary behavior change in youth using the mediating variable model with intervention programs. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2009;41(5):309–18.
Smith JD, Berkel C, Carroll AJ, Fu E, Grimm KJ, Mauricio AM, et al. Health behaviour outcomes of a family based intervention for paediatric obesity in primary care: A randomized type II hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial. Pediatr Obes. 2021;16(9):e12780.
Kothe EJ, Mullan BA, Butow P. Promoting fruit and vegetable consumption. Testing an intervention based on the theory of planned behaviour. Appetite. 2012;58(3):997–1004.
Gibbons FX, Gerrard M. Predicting young adults’ health risk behavior. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1995;69(3):505–17.
Chung SJ, Ersig AL, McCarthy AM. The influence of peers on diet and exercise among adolescents: A systematic review. J Pediatr Nurs. 2017;36:44–56.
Müller N, Fallucchi F, Suhrcke M. Peer effects in weight-related behaviours of young people: A systematic literature review. Econ Hum Biol. 2024;53:101354.
Hukkelberg SS, Dykstra JL. Using the prototype/willingness model to predict smoking behaviour among Norwegian adolescents. Addict Behav. 2009;34(3):270–6.
Davies EL, Todd J. Drinking beyond intentions: the prototype willingness model and alcohol consumption. The Palgrave handbook of psychological perspectives on alcohol consumption. Springer; 2021. pp. 51–76.
Todd J, Kothe E, Mullan B, Monds L. Reasoned versus reactive prediction of behaviour: a meta-analysis of the prototype willingness model. Health Psychol Rev. 2016;10(1):1–24.
Bel-Serrat S, von der Schulenburg A, Marques-Previ M, Mullee A, Murrin CM. What are the determinants of vegetable intake among adolescents from socioeconomically disadvantaged urban areas? A systematic review of qualitative studies. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2022;19(1):158.
Daly AN, O’Sullivan EJ, Kearney JM. Considerations for health and food choice in adolescents. Proc Nutr Soc. 2022;81(1):75–86.
Di Noia J, Prochaska JO. Mediating variables in a transtheoretical model dietary intervention program. Health Educ Behav. 2010;37(5):753–62.
Prochaska JO, Velicer WF. The transtheoretical model of health behavior change. Am J Health Promot. 1997;12(1):38–48.
de Vries H, van ‘t Riet J, Spigt M, Metsemakers J, van den Akker M, Vermunt JK, et al. Clusters of lifestyle behaviors: results from the Dutch SMILE study. Prev Med. 2008;46(3):203–8.
Thomas K, Nilsson E, Festin K, Henriksson P, Lowén M, Löf M et al. Associations of psychosocial factors with multiple health behaviors: A Population-Based study of Middle-Aged men and women. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(4).
Wu XY, Han LH, Zhang JH, Luo S, Hu JW, Sun K. The influence of physical activity, sedentary behavior on health-related quality of life among the general population of children and adolescents: A systematic review. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(11):e0187668.
Wu XY, Zhuang LH, Li W, Guo HW, Zhang JH, Zhao YK, et al. The influence of diet quality and dietary behavior on health-related quality of life in the general population of children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Qual Life Res. 2019;28(8):1989–2015.
Hallal PC, Victora CG, Azevedo MR, Wells JC. Adolescent physical activity and health: a systematic review. Sports Med. 2006;36(12):1019–30.
Warburton DER, Bredin SSD. Health benefits of physical activity: a systematic review of current systematic reviews. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2017;32(5):541–56.
Aune D, Giovannucci E, Boffetta P, Fadnes LT, Keum N, Norat T, et al. Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer and all-cause mortality-a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46(3):1029–56.