The fashion industry is responsible for up to 8 per cent of the world’s planet-heating greenhouse gas emissions, according to UN figures, which many of its companies have promised to tackle with targets to reach net zero by 2050 or sooner.
Yet researchers, companies and industry insiders say that little has been done to push this along in their supply chains in major textile-producing countries like Bangladesh, India and Cambodia.
“Brands are moving far too slow,” said Todd Paglia, executive director of Stand.earth, an environmental non-profit advocacy group based in North America.
In 2025, about a third of the 42 brands surveyed in a recent Stand.earth report cut their emissions by 10 per cent, compared to their baseline years – while 40 per cent of brands saw their emissions grow.
It found that only a fraction of leading brands are providing funding to cut emissions in their supply chains, which puts pressure on factories and suppliers that lack the financial clout to shift towards cleaner processes.
About half of the major global fashion brands have set science-based targets for emission reduction, according to a 2024 report by Fashion Revolution, a non-profit group campaigning for sustainable fashion.
Meanwhile, a large number of brands still lack visible efforts to finance their climate plans and support suppliers to decarbonise.
“What we are seeing is a dangerous disconnect,” said Mohiuddin Rubel, a former director of Bangladesh’s garment manufacturers’ association who is now director at textile maker Denim Expert Ltd.
“Brands are turning their ambitious targets into unfunded mandates placed upon suppliers, who are asked to bear the full financial burden of decarbonising the brands’ value chain,” he told Context.
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Everybody has skin in the game: For brands, it’s about future-proofing their businesses, and for suppliers, to make sure they remain relevant to the brand they are catering to.
Kristina Elinder Liljas, senior director of sustainable finance and engagement, Apparel Impact Institute
Financing gap
Apparel manufacturers can cut factory-level emissions by switching to energy efficient equipment, installing renewable energy and using low-emissions transportation.
In Bangladesh, a garment manufacturing hub, 83 per cent of the industry’s emissions are due to the on-site burning of fossil fuels, like natural gas, to generate power or run boilers to produce heat and steam, a report by consulting firm FSG said.
Many suppliers balk at the high capital investment needed to replace gas-based boilers with more energy-efficient technologies, like heat pumps, according to a study by the Apparel Impact Institute (AII), a non-profit promoting sustainable investments.
Overall, Bangladeshi fashion suppliers face an investment gap of US$4.8 billion for cutting emissions by half by 2030, AII has said.
Clothing makers in India and Vietnam also face challenges in reducing their reliance on fossil fuels in heat and steam generation, which are used to wash, dye and finish fabric production.
About half of the brands surveyed by Stand.earth offered some form of support, but much of it involved assessments and audits to measure the carbon footprint or small-scale pilot projects, said Bangladeshi supplier Rubel.
“This is a drop in the ocean and does not address the systemic, industry-wide transformation required,” he said.
Suppliers also need long-term purchase agreements and price premiums from brands that would work as incentives to invest in cleaner production, said Abhishek Bansal, head of sustainability at the Indian textile supplier Arvind Limited.
