Asian Angle | Malaysia’s AI dreams: a victim of the US-China tech war?

Asian Angle | Malaysia’s AI dreams: a victim of the US-China tech war?

When Malaysia unveiled its National Artificial Intelligence Roadmap in 2022, it promised a future of innovation and prosperity. But as geopolitical tensions mount, the country’s aspirations risk being stifled by forces it struggles to control: tariffs, export bans and a global scramble for the chips that power tomorrow’s technology.

That road map for 2021 to 2025 placed particular emphasis on AI applications in supply chains; agriculture and forestry; medical and healthcare; smart cities and transport; and education and the public sector. Last year, the establishment of a National AI Office marked the government’s renewed commitment to building out Malaysia’s AI ecosystem, extending its focus to include micro, small and medium-sized enterprises.

Yet Malaysia’s AI journey is only just beginning. As the minister of science, technology and innovation has noted, only 13 per cent of smaller companies have adopted AI – despite them comprising 97 per cent of Malaysia’s businesses. The AI start-up scene is similarly nascent, with only a handful of fledgling firms harnessing machine learning, computer vision and robotics to create and commercialise new AI-powered solutions.

An AI chip made by American multinational corporation AMD is seen on display at a convention centre in California. Photo: Reuters
Crucially, both the road map and the National AI Office operate on the implicit assumption that Malaysia will continue to import AI chips, since the country’s semiconductor industry is anchored in the assembly, packaging and testing stages, with no domestic manufacturing of AI chips. These chips are sourced from mainland China, Taiwan and the United States; Malaysia does not produce them locally. As such, US export restrictions, particularly on state-of-the-art Nvidia chips, threaten to stymie Malaysia’s AI ambitions.

Efforts to curb semiconductor diversion to China already appear to be under way. On July 5, Bloomberg reported that the US Commerce Department intended to require export licences for Nvidia’s advanced AI chips bound for Malaysia and Thailand, aiming to block China from acquiring them through third countries or smuggling.

To date, no formal rule has been issued, but the proposed ban follows allegations that a Chinese company attempted to train AI models in Malaysian data centres using Nvidia chips. While Malaysian authorities are investigating, Nvidia has been allowed to resume exports from the US to China since last month as part of a trade deal involving access to rare earth minerals. How long this arrangement will last is uncertain, as is its impact on US concerns about chip transshipment through Southeast Asian countries like Malaysia.

US President Donald Trump displays a signed executive order at an AI summit in Washington on July 23. Photo: Getty Images/AFP
US President Donald Trump displays a signed executive order at an AI summit in Washington on July 23. Photo: Getty Images/AFP
Meanwhile, Trump sent a letter to Malaysia on July 8 announcing the imposition of 25 per cent tariffs from the end of the month, prompting Malaysia to fast track its trade negotiations with Washington. On July 31, just before the August 1 deadline, the tariff was reduced to 19 per cent. While semiconductors are currently exempt, Nvidia’s advanced AI chips do not appear on the exemption list. Again, not much is known about the terms of the deal, including US demands and how long the agreed tariffs will last.

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